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DOI: 10.1177/1470357204045787 The Ryôan-Ji Zen Garden: Textual Meanings in Topographical FormSetsunan University, Osaka, Japan, mcg{at}cc.kyoto-su.ac.jp Gardens are created by transforming principally unmodified environmental objects into signs and organizing these into texts. This article examines the compositional arrangements of the Ryôan-ji Zen garden as it constitutes a distinctive medium of communication and a way for complex philosophical perceptions and religious ideals to become tangible in topographical text form.
Key Words: culture gardens Japan metaphor multimodality semiotics topography
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